MYOSOTIS FORGET-ME-NOT
- Family: Boraginaceae [AlkChem&BioV.10]
"Although the fifty species of Myosotis occur throughout both northern and southern temperate
regions, only a few European species have had a major impact on gardens. The widely cultivated
bedding forget-me-nots with small blue flowers are derived from M. sylvatica and M. scorpioides,
both native to Europe, and many cultivars are now available. A few Australasian species, with white
or yellowish flowers, are cultivated in specialist collections." [Prance TCHP]
"Annual to perennial herb, glabrous to rough-hairy; roots generally fibrous. Stem: decumbent to erect. Leaf: basal generally oblong or oblanceolate; cauline generally linear to elliptic. Inflorescence: generally raceme-like cymes, coiled, in age ± open; bracts 0 (leaf-like). Flower: calyx lobes 5, tube hairs appressed to spreading, hooked at tip or not; corolla salverform or wide-funnel-shaped, generally blue, white, or yellow, appendages prominent or not; stamens included; style generally included. Fruit: nutlets generally 4, ± lens-shaped, smooth, shiny, each with raised outer margin, attachment scar adaxially, at base, small."
"50 species: temperate, boreal. (Greek: mouse ear, from leaf) Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill reported from Orange Co., 1938, not persisting."
"Unabridged references: [Grau 1964 Osterr Bot Zeitschr 111:561–617]" [Jepson]
Local Species;
- Myosotis arvensis - field forget-me-not [E-flora]
- Myosotis asiatica - mountain forget-me-not [E-flora][TSFTK]
- Myosotis discolor - common forget-me-not [E-flora][PCBC]
- Myosotis laxa - small-flowered forget-me-not [E-flora][PCBC][TSFTK]
- Myosotis scorpioides - European forget-me-not [E-flora][PCBC]
- Myosotis stricta - blue forget-me-not [E-flora]
- Myosotis sylvatica - wood forget-me-not [E-flora]{PCBC][TSFTK]
- Myosotis verna - spring forget-me-not [E-flora]
Key to Myosotis
1 Calyx hairy, but the hairs not hooked
2 Open corolla rarely more than 5 mm wide; calyx lobes about two-thirds as long as the tube (in wet places) . . . . . . . . M. laxa, pl. 168 small forget-me-not
2 Open corolla commonly 6–10 mm wide; calyx lobes not more than one-third as long as the tube (common in woodlands to which it has escaped from cultivation, and also found in wet places) . . . . . . . . . . . . M. scorpioides forget-me-not (Europe)
1 Calyx with at least some hooked hairs
3 Corolla at first yellow, changing to blue . . . . . . . . . . M. discolor, pl. 167 yellow-and-blue scorpion grass (Europe)
3 Corolla blue or white from the beginning
4 Calyx slightly asymmetrical, 2 of the lobes longer than the other 3; corolla white . . . . . . . . . . M. verna white scorpion grass
4 Calyx symmetrical, all the lobes about the same length; corolla typically blue but sometimes white
5 Corollas at least 4 mm wide, sometimes more than 8 mm . . . . . . . . . . . M. sylvatica woodland forget-me-not
5 Corollas not more than 3 mm wide
6Pedicels, by the time fruits have begun to develop, longer than the calyx lobes . . . . . . . M. arvensis common forget-me-not (Europe)
6Pedicels, by the time fruits have begun to develop, shorter than the calyx lobes . . . . . . . . M. stricta short-stalked forget-me-not (Europe) [Kozloff PWO]
Myosotis arvensis - Field forget-me-not
- Status: Exotic [E-flora]1
- Synonym — M. scorpioides var. arvensis L. [HMH Duke][E-flora]1
- General "Biennial or annual herb from fibrous roots, short soft spreading-hairy to straight appressed-hairy throughout; stems simple or branched, 10-40 cm tall." [IFBC-E-fora]1
- Leaves: "Lower leaves in a loose rosette, stalked, oblanceolate; upper leaves unstalked, more oblong or lanceolate; 1-6 cm long, 3-16 cm wide, entire, alternate." [IFBC-E-fora]1
- Flowers: "Inflorescence of lax, coiled, elongating, bractless, terminal clusters, not much longer than leafy part of plant; fruiting stalks ascending or spreading, as long as or longer than the calyces; petals grey-blue, sometimes white, fused at the base into a tube that spreads (2-4 mm wide) at top to 5 lobes, with 5 bulges at the throat; fruiting calyces 3-5 mm long, short stiff-hairy and also with numerous, short, coarse, hooked hairs." [IFBC-E-fora]1
- Fruits: "Nutlets 4, clustered together, egg-shaped, smooth, dark brown, shining." [IFBC-E-fora]1
- Habitat/Range: "Moist to mesic roadsides and waste places in the lowland zone; frequent in SW BC; introduced from Europe." [IFBC-E-fora]1
Myosotis asiatica - Mountain forget-me-not
- Status: Native [E-flora]2
- Synonyms
- Myosotis alpestris auct. non F.W. Schmidt [E-flora]2
- Myosotis alpestris subsp. asiatica Vesterg. [E-flora]2
- Myosotis sylvatica var. alpestris auct. non (F.W. Schmidt) Koch [E-flora]2
- General: "Perennial herb from fibrous roots and a branching stem-base or short rhizome; spreading-hairy throughout; stems several to many, tufted, erect, 3-50 cm tall." [IFBC-E-fora]2
- Leaves: "Basal leaves oblanceolate or elliptic, stalked, 5-13 cm long, 2-12 mm wide; stem leaves several, oblong to lance-elliptic, smaller, to 6 cm long, gradually reduced upward, unstalked, entire, alternate." [IFBC-E-fora]2
- Flowers: "Several to many in coiled, bractless, not much elongating clusters; flowers showy, the flower stalks erect then spreading to ascending, about as long as calyces; petals intensely blue, rarely white, fused at base into a tube that spreads flat (4-10 mm wide) at top to 5 lobes, with 5 yellow bulges at the throat; fruiting calyces 2-5 mm long, with spreading to ascending, often hooked hairs." [IFBC-E-fora]2
- Fruits: "Nutlets 4, clustered together, egg-shaped, 1-2 mm long, smooth black, shining." [IFBC-E-fora]2
- Habitat/Range: "Mesic meadows, streambanks, rocky slopes and forest openings in the montane to alpine zones; common in N BC, less common southward; circumpolar, N to AK, YT and NT, E to AB and S to ID, SD and WY; Eurasia." [IFBC-E-fora]2
Myosotis discolor - Common forget-me-not
- Status: Exotic [E-flora]3
- Synonyms:
- Myosotis versicolor (Pers.) Sm. [E-flora]3
- General: "Annual herb from fibrous roots; stems simple or branched, erect, slender, with spreading hairs below and appressed hairs above, 8-50 cm tall." [IFBC-E-flora]3
- Leaves: "Lowermost leaves oblanceolate, somewhat stalked, 1-4 cm long and 2-8 mm wide; middle and upper leaves oblong to narrowly elliptic or linear, more or less unstalked; straight-hairy on both surfaces, entire, alternate." [IFBC-E-flora]3
- Flowers: "Several to many in lax, coiled, elongating, terminal clusters, the bracts 0 or 1-2 near the base; inflorescence not much longer than leafy part of stem; fruiting stalks ascending or spreading, 1-3 mm long, shorter than calyces; corollas at first yellow or white, becoming blue; petals fused at base into a tube that flares (1-2 mm wide) at top to 5 small lobes, the throat with 5 bulges; fruiting calyces 3-5 mm long, sepal-tube covered with short, spreading, hooked hairs, the lobes short appressed-hairy." [IFBC-E-flora]3
- Fruits: "Nutlets 4, clustered together, egg-shaped, dark brown to black, smooth, shining." [IFBC-E-flora]3
- Habitat/Range: "Moist to mesic roadsides, ditches and disturbed areas in the lowland and lower montane zones; frequent on S Vancouver Island, the Gulf Islands and adjacent coast, rare E of the Coast-Cascade Mountains; introduced from Europe." [IFBC-E-flora]3
Myosotis laxa - Small-flowered forget-me-not
- Status: Native [E-flora]4
- General: "Short-lived perennial, sometimes annual herb from fibrous roots; inconspicuously straight appressed-hairy; stems slender, weak, often decumbent but base not creeping or stoloniferous, 10-40 cm tall." [IFBC-E-flora]4
- Leaves: "Lower leaves oblanceolate; middle and upper leaves more oblong or narrowly elliptic to lanceolate; 1.5-8 cm long, 3-15 mm wide, entire, alternate." [IFBC-E-flora]4
- Flowers: "Inflorescence of lax, coiled, elongating, terminal clusters, not much longer than leafy part of stem, bracts 0 to few at base; fruiting stalks spreading, mostly longer than the calyces; petals blue, fused at base into a tube that spreads flat (2-5 mm wide) at the top to 5 lobes, with 5 hairy bulges at the throat; fruiting calyces 3-7 mm long, closely appressed-hairy." [IFBC-E-flora]4
- Fruits: "Nutlets 4, clustered together, egg-shaped, brown to black, smooth, shining." [IFBC-E-flora]4
- Habitat/Range: "Moist to wet meadows, ditches, pond margins and swamps in the lowland, steppe and montane zones; common along the coast, less common in S BC; circumboreal, E to AB and S to N CA; S. America, Eurasia." [IFBC-E-flora]4
Myosotis scorpioides - European forget-me-not
- Other Names: Water Forget-Me-Not, True forget-me-not [PFAF]1
- Syn: Myosotis palustris.[PFAF]1
Myosotis scorpioides is an evergreen Perennial growing to 0.3 m (1ft) by 0.6 m (2ft in) at a fast rate.
It is hardy to zone (UK) 5. It is in leaf 12-Jan It is in flower from May to September, and the seeds ripen from Jul to September. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees, flies, lepidoptera.
"Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and can grow in heavy clay soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist or wet soil and can grow in water." [PFAF]1
- Status: Exotic [E-flora]1
- General: "Perennial herb from fibrous roots, often creeping at the base and frequently stoloniferous as well; stems mostly unbranched, angled, inconspicuously appressed-hairy, 15-60 cm long." [IFBC-E-flora]1
- Leaves: "Lower leaves oblanceolate, narrowed at base but scarcely stalked; middle and upper leaves more oblong or elliptic to lance-elliptic; 2.5-8 cm long, 7-20 mm wide, nearly glabrous or with short appressed hairs, entire, alternate." [IFBC-E-flora]1
- Flowers: "Inflorescence of lax, coiled, narrow, elongating, bractless, terminal clusters, not much longer than leafy part of stem; fruiting stalks spreading, 1-2 times as long as calyces; petals sky-blue, rarely white, fused at base into a tube that spreads flat (4-10 mm wide) at top to 5 lobes, with 5 bulges at the throat; fruiting calyces 3-5 mm long, closely appressed-hairy." [IFBC-E-flora]1
- Fruits: "Nutlets 4, clustered together, narrowly egg-shaped, 2-2.5 mm long, blackish, smooth, shining." [IFBC-E-flora]1
- Habitat/Range: "Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to N. Africa and the Himalayas N. America" [PFAF]1 "Moist to mesic roadsides and waste places in the lowland zone; frequent in SW BC; introduced from Europe." [IFBC-E-flora]1
Myosotis stricta - Blue forget-me-not
- Synonyms
- Status: Exotic [E-flora]5
- General: "Annual herb from fibrous roots, with short, soft, spreading hairs throughout; stems simple or commonly branched from near the base, to 20 cm tall." [IFBC-E-flora]5
- Leaves: "Lowermost leaves oblanceolate or wider; middle and upper leaves more oblong or elliptic; to 2 cm long and 7 mm wide, entire, alternate." [IFBC-E-flora]5
- Flowers: "Inflorescence of lax, coiled, narrow, elongating clusters, with some flowers nearly to the base of the stems, with leafy bracts; fruiting stalks ascending to spreading, shorter than calyces; petals blue, fused at base into a tube that flares (1-2 mm wide) at top to 5 small lobes; fruiting calyces 3-5 mm long, with hooked hairs on the sepal-tubes and appressed hairs on the lobes." [IFBC-E-flora]5
- Fruits: "Nutlets 4, clustered together, egg-shaped, brown, smooth, shining." [IFBC-E-flora]5
- Habitat/Range: "Mesic to dry meadows, ditches and disturbed areas in the lowland, steppe and lower montane zones; common in S BC; introduced from Europe." [IFBC-E-flora]5
Myosotis sylvatica - Wood forget-me-not
- Synonyms
- Myosotis alpestris auct. non F.W. Schmidt [E-flora]6
- Myosotis alpestris subsp. asiatica Vesterg. [E-flora]6
- Myosotis sylvatica var. alpestris auct. non (F.W. Schmidt) Koch [E-flora]6
- Status: Exotic [E-flora]6
- General: "Perennial herb from fibrous roots and short rhizome, spreading-hairy throughout; stems simple or much-branched, 15-45 cm tall." [IFBC-E-flora]6
- Leaves: "Lower leaves in basal rosette, somewhat stalked, egg- or spoon-shaped; stem leaves lanceolate to oblong, unstalked, 5-12 cm long, 2-12 mm wide, entire, alternate." [IFBC-E-flora]6
- Flowers: "Several to many in lax, coiled, elongating, bractless, terminal clusters; fruiting stalks spreading, 1 1/2 to 2 times as long as the calyces; petals bright blue, rarely white, fused at base into a tube that spreads flat (5-10 mm wide) at the top to 5 lobes, with 5 yellow bulges at the throat; fruiting calyces 3-5 mm long, with short, curly and hooked hairs on the sepal tube." [IFBC-E-flora]6
- Fruits: "Nutlets 4, clustered, egg-shaped, 1.5-2 mm long, dark brown, smooth, shining." [IFBC-E-flora]6
- Habitat/Range: "Mesic grasslands, shrublands, disturbed areas and open forests in the lowland, steppe and lower montane zones; frequent in S BC, rare elsewhere; introduced from Europe." [IFBC-E-flora]6
Myosotis verna - Spring forget-me-not
- Synonyms
- Myosotis virginica auct. non (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. [E-flora]7
- Status: Native [E-flora]7
- General: "Annual herb from fibrous roots, with short, coarse, spreading or appressed hairs throughout; stems simple or branched, 5-40 cm tall." [IFBC-E-flora]7
- Leaves: "Lowermost leaves oblanceolate and somewhat stalked; middle and upper leaves more oblong or narrowly elliptic to linear and nearly unstalked, 1-5 cm long, 2-10 mm wide, entire, alternate." [IFBC-E-flora]7
- Flowers: "Inflorescence of coiled, narrow, elongating clusters, with some leafy bracts on lower flowers, not much longer than the leafy portion of the plant; fruiting stalks ascending, usually shorter than calyces; corollas inconspicuous; petals white, fused at base into a tube that flares (1-2 mm wide) at the top to 5 small lobes; fruiting calyces 4-7 mm long, covered with short hooked hairs on the sepal-tube, stiff ascending-hairy on the lobes, asymmetric, 3 of the lobes shorter than the other 2." [IFBC-E-flora]7
- Fruits: "Nutlets 4, clustered, egg-shaped, brown, commonly with pale stippling." [IFBC-E-flora]7
- Habitat/Range: "Moist to dry meadows, grasslands, shrublands and forest openings in the lowland, steppe and lower montane zones; infrequent throughout BC; E to ON and S to FL, TX and OR." [IFBC-E-flora]7
Hazards
- Myosotis arvensis
- "Should not be taken because it contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PH2)." [HMH Duke]
- "Hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity are possible consequences when taken internally, due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids....the drug should not be taken internally." [PDR]
Edible Use
- Myosotis arvensis
- Leaves "Used as food in Val Colvera", N.E. Italy. [Paoletti, 1995] Leaves consumed in pistic blend. [ETWP]
- Myosotis sylvatica
- Flowers: "Blossoms are added to salads, used as a garnish, and make excellent candied blossoms" Deane (2007–2012o) [EMNMPV.7]
Other Uses
- Myosotis asiatica
- Cosmetic: "Flowers used fresh, cold or warmed, or dried and later soaked, as skin cream by mainly women." [Soelberg,Jager]
Medicinal Use
- "...only two records ascribed to a species of Myosotis have been traced in the folklore literature (Devon,40 Kent41), and those both also of use for coughs (and other chest complaints in the former case), there must be some slight suspicion whether the identifications were correct. However, all the members of this genus are mucilaginous and astringent, like comfrey, and some at least have featured in official medicine, so the records can perhaps receive the benefit of the doubt." [MPFT]
- Myosotis arvensis "Unproven Uses: Forget-Me-Not is used in the treatment of respiratory disorders and nose bleeds." The flowering plant "...is administered ground and as an extract for external use." [PDR]
- Myosotis scorpioides; "Used in the treatment of whooping cough and bronchitis[61]." [PFAF]1
Phytochemicals
- Myosotis arvensis
- Indications — "Bite (f; MAD); Bleeding (f; MAD); Bronchosis (f; MAD); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, genital (f; JLH); Cancer, oral (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; MAD); Cough (f; MAD); Epistaxis (f; MAD; PH2); Hemoptysis (f; MAD); Ophthalmia (f; HHB); Pulmonosis (f; MAD); Respirosis (f; PH2); Snakebite (f; MAD); Stomatosis (f; JLH); Tuberculosis (f; MAD)." [HMH Duke]
- Dosages — "0.5 tsp herb 5 ×/day in tea (MAD)." [HMH Duke]
- Phytochemicals:
- Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill (g. versicolor Pers.= M. discolor Pers.)
- Leaf- FAs - "Components: 16:0; 18:2; 18:3; 18:3 (6,9,12); 18:4 (6,9,12,15) [1]" [LLCEOPS]
- Seed
- "Oil (skellysolve F), % on fresh wt: 32.0 [2]" [LLCEOPS]
- "FAs Composition (Ag+-CC; oxidative degradation of unsaturated FAs; GLC), %: 16:0 – 9.1; 16:1 – 0.3; 18:0–2.8;18:1–28.8;18:2–27.4;18:3–8.6;18:3(6,9,12) – 6.9; 18:4 (6,9,12,15) – 6.7; 20:1 (11) – 5.0; 22:1 (13) – 4.4 [2]" [LLCEOPS]
- "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids" [PDR]
- "Caffeic acid derivatives: rosmarinic acid" [PDR]
- Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm.
- Seed + Pericarp - Mass of 1,000, g: 0.6 [1] - Oil (petroleum ether), "% on dry wt: 43.0 [1], 28.3 [2]" [LLCEOPS]
- Myosotis scorpioides
- Whole Plant contains the alkaloids; myoscorpine, scorpioidine, 7-acetylscorpioidine, symphytine [Rauter NPNM]
- Myosotis sylvatica
- "Viridiflorine, heliosupine, 9-angelylretronecine, acetylheliosupine" [AlkChem&BioV.10]
Cultivation
- Myosotis scorpioides; "Prefers a wet soil but thrives in a moist shady border[111]. Grows well in heavy clay soils. Does well on pond edges[200]. Prefers a sunny position[1]. Plants are hardy to about -20°c[187]. A long-lived species[187], it spreads freely when growing in marshy ground[233]. Members of this genus are rarely if ever troubled by browsing deer[233]." [PFAF]1
- Collecting Seeds: "Fasten cloth or paper bags around a few fading flower heads to collect the seeds." [NSSH Bubel]
- When to Plant: "Sow seeds in flats in spring." [NSSH Bubel]
- How to Plant: "Forget-me-not seeds need no special treatment....Plant them near the water, not in it." [NSSH Bubel]
- Growing Conditions: "Apart from their need for abundant moisture, forget-me-nots are adaptable plants that thrive on slightly acid or neutral soil and in sun or light shade." [NSSH Bubel]
- Plant Associations:
- Myosotis sylvatica;
- British Isles: "G.robertianum [Geranium robertianum] is reported growing often in associationwith speciessuch as Galeopsis tetrahit Impatiens noli-tangere, Myosotis sylvatica, Oxalis acetosella and Stellaria nemorum..." [Tofts, 2004]
- Myosotis laxa
- "In the field, Myosotis laxa (herbaceous perennials) growing next to transplanted Typha were larger and produced more fruits that those isolated from Typha.... M. laxa appeared to benefit from soil oxygenation when grown with T. latifolia at low soil temperatures (Callaway and King 1996). But at higher soil temperatures, Typha had no effect on soil oxygen (presumably due to increased microbial and root respiration), and the interaction between Typha and Myosotis became competitive." [Pugnaire FPE]
- Mycorrhizae
- Myosotis arvensis NM (nonmycorrhiza)
- Myosotis decumbens Facultative AM (arbuscular mycorrhiza)
- Myosotis discolor AM
- Myosotis laxa AM
- Myosotis scorpioides AM + NM
- Myosotis sylvatica AM + NM [Wang2006]
- Aphid Host Species
- M. arvensis
- "Aphis fabae; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus cardui, helichrysi, jacobi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae; Myzus ascalonicus, ornatus, persicae" [Blackman AWHPS]
- Myosotis scorpioides;
- "Aphis fabae, gossypii, nasturtii, triglochinis; Aulacorthum solani; Brachycaudus helichrysi; Macrosiphum euphorbiae, gei; Myzus myosotidis, ornatus, persicae" [Blackman AWHPS]
- M. silvatica
- "Brachycaudus helichrysi, jacobi; Myzus ornatus, persicae; Neomyzus circumflexus" [Blackman AWHPS]
Propagation
Myosotis scorpioides; "Seed - sow outdoors in situ in late spring or early summer. Germination usually takes place within 2 - 4 weeks at 20°c. Division in spring[111]. Large divisions can be planted out direct into their permanent positions. We have found that it is better to pot up the smaller divisions and grow them on in light shade in a cold frame until they are well established before planting them out in late spring or early summer. Cuttings of young shoots, summer in a shady border[111]." [PFAF]1
Uses of Other (Non-local) Species
- Myosotis alpestris F.W. Schmidt
- Medicinal Use: "The whole plant is astringent and ophthalmic[7]. Used as a lotion, it is an excellent remedy for many eye diseases[7]. It is also ground into a powder and applied externally to wounds, at one time the leaf juice was used to stop nose bleeds[7]. The plant is harvested in May and can be dried for later use[7]." [PFAF]2
- Leaf - FAs - "Components: 16:0; 18:2; 18:3; 18:3 (6,9,12); 18:4 (6,9,12,15)" [LLCEOPS]
- Myosotis suaveolens auct. (M. imitate, M. lithospermifolia, M. popovii, M. stenophylla Knaf)
- Seed "Oil (hexane), % on air dry wt: 24.3" [LLCEOPS]
References
- AlkChem&BioV.10 - The Alkaloids - Chemistry and Biology Volume 10
- E-flora
- [1] Myosotis scorpioides, http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Myosotis%20arvensis&redblue=Both&lifeform=7, Accessed Jan 30, 2017
- [2] Myosotis asiatica, http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Myosotis%20asiatica&redblue=Both&lifeform=7, Accessed Jan 30, 2017
- [3] Myosotis discolor, http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Myosotis%20discolor, Accessed Jan 31, 2017
- [4] Myosotis laxa, http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Myosotis%20laxa&redblue=Both&lifeform=7, Accessed Jan 31, 2017
- [5] Myosotis stricta, http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Myosotis%20stricta&redblue=Both&lifeform=7, Accessed Feb 3, 2017
- [6] Myosotis sylvatica, http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Myosotis%20sylvatica&redblue=Both&lifeform=7, Accessed Feb 5, 2017
- [7] Myosotis verna, http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Myosotis%20verna, Accessed Feb 5, 2017
- Jepson - 2013. Myosotis, Ronald B. Kelley & Elaine Joyal, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=8758, accessed on Feb 20 2015
- Paoletti, 1995 - Paoletti, Maurizio G., A. L. Dreon, and G. G. Lorenzani (Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita" Degli Studi di Padova, Via Trieste, 75-35121 Padova, Italy) Pistic, Traditional Food from Western Italy, N.E. ITALY. Economic Botany 49(1):26-30. 1995.
- PFAF - Plants for a Future
- Soelberg,Jager - Comparative ethnobotany of the Wakhi agropastoralist and the Kyrgyz nomads of Afghanistan, Jens Soelberg and Anna K. Jäger, Soelberg and Jäger Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:2, DOI 10.1186/s13002-015-0063-x
- Tofts, 2004 - Geranium robertianum L., Richard J. Tofts, Journal of Ecology, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Jun., 2004), pp. 537-555, British Ecological Society, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3599510
- Wang2006 - Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land plants, B. Wang . Y.-L. Qiu, Mycorrhiza (2006) 16: 299–363, DOI 10.1007/s00572-005-0033-6
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